|
 
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| REVIEW ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 31
| Issue : 4 | Page : 151-159 |
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Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles
Soham Saha, Shyamasree Ghosh
School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| Date of Web Publication | 18-Feb-2013 |
Correspondence Address:
Shyamasree Ghosh
School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, nstitute of Physics Campus, Sachivalaya Marg, PO: Sainik School, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0257-7941.107344
Natural products with medicinal value are gradually gaining importance in clinical research due to their well-known property of no side effects as compared to drugs. Tinospora cordifolia commonly named as "Guduchi" is known for its immense application in the treatment of various diseases in the traditional ayurvedic literature. Recently the discovery of active components from the plant and their biological function in disease control has led to active interest in the plant across the globe. Our present study in this review encompasses (i) the genetic diversity of the plant and (ii) active components isolated from the plant and their biological role in disease targeting. The future scope of the review remains in exploiting the biochemical and signaling pathways affected by the compounds isolated from Tinospora so as to enable new and effective formulation in disease eradication. Keywords: Ayurveda, diabetes, natural product
How to cite this article:
Saha S, Ghosh S. Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles. Ancient Sci Life 2012;31:151-9 |
| Introduction | |  |
Tinospora cordifolia commonly named as "Guduchi" in Sanskrit belonging to family Menispermaceae is a genetically diverse, large, deciduous climbing shrub with greenish yellow typical flowers, found at higher altitude. [1],[2],[3] In racemes or racemose panicles, the male flowers are clustered and female are solitary. The flowering season expands over summers and winters. [4] A variety of active components derived from the plant like alkaloids, steroids, diterpenoid lactones, aliphatics, and glycosides [4] have been isolated from the different parts of the plant body, including root, stem, and whole plant. Recently, the plant is of great interest to researchers across the globe because of its reported medicinal properties like anti-diabetic, anti-periodic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-stress, anti-leprotic, anti-malarial, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic activities. In this review, we focus our attention to: (i) the reported genetic diversity in the Plant (ii) biological roles reported in humans and animals and active components from the plant. (iii) biological roles reported in humans and animals.
| Methodology | | |
Search criteria
Published literature on recent developments in research in Tinospora cordifolia, including original articles and papers in Pubmed and Pubmed Central Databases were taken into study for the report. Information extracted from a total of 175 published articles of which five review articles and cross references thereof were collected. The search criteria were restricted to the roles of the plant in the field of medical advancements and the effects that has been observed with different experiments.
Inclusion criteria
All the reports of experiments on different model types (in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo) were taken varying from animal and human model systems. Reported data was analysed and represented in the form of figures and tables for the current review. ChemDraw Ultra 9.0 Software, Cambridge soft Life Science Enterprise Solutions was used for drawing the figures in the review. The figures of the compounds were obtained as reported in different journal sources.
| Results | | |
(i) Tinospora cordifolia: A genetically diverse plant
Reports on studies of morphological and physiological characters of the plant, including plant length, stem diameter, growth habit, floral morphology, flower color, stomatal density, trichomal density, lenticels density, petiole length, plant biomass, and other characteristics of the plant and diversity in the genetic components identified by markers have indicated the diversity in the medicinal plant which has profound importance for efficient and effective management of plant genetic resources. Reports using markers for random amplified polymorphic DNA, [5] and inter-simple sequence repeat primers [1],[5] have pointed toward the genetic variation within the population. However, reports on conservation strategies and propagation of the germplasm are few.
(ii) Tinospora cordifolia: Biological roles
A myriad of biologically active compounds, including alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics, aliphatic compounds, and polysaccharides have been isolated from different parts of the plant body [Table 1] [4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20],[21],[22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27],[28],[29],[30],[31],[32],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39] , [Figure 1]. These compounds have been reported to have different biological roles in disease conditions thus enabling potential application in clinical research. Tinospora cordifolia extracts are extensively used in various herbal preparations for the treatment of different ailments for its anti-periodic, anti-spasmodic, anti-microbial, anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-allergic, and anti-diabetic properties [6] [Table 1].
The major biological property of Tinospora cordifolia includes:
Immunomodulatory property
The immuomodulatory property of Tinospora cordifolia is well documented. [40],[41],[42] Active compounds 11-hydroxymustakone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-formylannonain, cordifolioside A, magnoflorine, tinocordiside and syringin [6] has been reported to have potential immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects. [13],[40],[41],[42] They have been reported to function by boosting the phagocytic activity of macrophages, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human neutrophil cells, [43] enhancement in nitric oxide (NO) production by stimulation of splenocytes and macrophages indicative of anti-tumor effects. [44] Aqueous Tinospora extracts has been also reported to influence the cytokine production, mitogenicity, stimulation and activation of immune effector cells. [44] In mice, Tinospora cordifolia extracts has been shown to result in up-regulation of IL-6 cytokine, resulting in acute reactions to injury, inflammation, activation of cytotoxic T cells, and B cell differentiation. [45] Active compounds in aqueous extracts like alkaloids, di-terpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics, aliphatic compounds or polysaccharides [19] in experimental rat model have been reported for their cytotoxic action. Dry stem crude extracts of Tinospora cordifolia with a polyclonal B cell mitogen, G1-4A on binding to macrophages have been reported to enhance immune response in mice by inducing secretion of IL-1, together with activation of macrophages. Reports on Tinospora cordifolia in prevention of oxidative damage also exist. [46] The (1,4)-alpha-d-glucan (alpha-d-glucan), derived Tinospora cordifolia have been shown to activate human lymphocytes with downstream synthesis of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, in vitro. [47] Synergistic effects of compounds in the immunomodulatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia are reported. [6]
Anti-diabetes property
The stem of Tinospora cordifolia is widely used in the therapy of diabetes by regulating the blood glucose [48] in traditional folk medicine of India. It has been reported to mediate its anti-diabetic potential through mitigating oxidative stress (OS), promoting insulin secretion and also by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, thereby regulating blood glucose. [48] Alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids as the major phytoconstituents [49] of Tinospora cordifolia have been reported to play an anti-diabetic role.
The isoquinoline alkaloid rich fraction from stem, including, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, and magnoflorine have been reported for insulin-mimicking and insulin-releasing effect both in vitro and in vivo. [10] Oral treatments of root extracts have been reported to regulate blood glucose levels, enhance insulin secretion and suppress OS markers. Initiation and restoration of cellular defence anti-oxidant markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH), inhibition of glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1, 6-diphosphatase, restoration of glycogen content in liver was reported in in vitro studies. [10] The crude stem ethyl acetate, dichloromethane (DCM), chloroforms and hexane extracts of Tinospora cordifolia inhibited the enzyme's salivary and pancreatic amylase and glucosidase [50] thus increasing the post-prandial glucose level and finds potential application in treatment of diabetes mellitus.
The root extract has been reported to decrease the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides, ceruloplasmin and vitamin E diabetic rats. [51] Oral administration of Tinospora cordifolia extract in "Ilogen-Excel" formulation (Ayurvedic herbal formulation) composed of eight medicinal plants including Curcuma longa, Strychnos potatorum, Salacia oblonga, Tinospora cordifolia, Vetivelia zizanioides, Coscinium fenestratum, Andrographis paniculata, and Mimosa pudica is reported to reduce GSH and vitamin C [51] in blood and urine glucose and lipids in the serum and tissues in alloxan diabetic rats with a subsequent decrease in body weight. [52] Decreased concentration of GSH, GPx, and SOD, catalase activity is reported in heart and brain of diabetic rats. [53] T. cardifolia root extract (TCE) has been reported to cause an increase in body weight, total hemoglobin and hepatic hexokinase [54] and lowering hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase, serum acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in diabetic rats thus having hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic effect. [54]
The protective effects of TCE were reported in presence of higher levels of anti-oxidant molecules and enzymes. [55] TCE has been shown to significantly counterbalance the diabetes-associated OS in the maternal liver by lowering the levels of malondialdehyde and ROS and the increased levels of GSH and total thiols. [56]
Anti-toxic effects
Tinospora cordifolia extracts have been reported to scavenge free radicals generated during aflatoxicosis. [57] It exhibited protective effects by lowering thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and enhancing the GSH, ascorbic acid, protein, and the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes viz., SOD, CAT, GPx, Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) in kidney. Alkaloids such as a choline, tinosporin, isocolumbin, palmatine, tetrahydropalmatine, and magnoflorine from Tinospora cordifolia showed protection against aflatoxin-induced nephrotoxicity. [57] Tinospora cordifolia stem and leaves extract has shown hepatoprotective effect in Swiss albino male mice against lead nitrate induced toxicity. [58] Oral administration of plant extracts prevented the occurrence of lead nitrate induced liver damage. [59] Decreased level of SOD, CAT and increased level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ALP, and ACP were observed in mice suffering from lead toxicity. [59] Synergistic administration of aqueous extract of stem and leaf along with the lead nitrate increased the activities of SOD and CAT and decreased the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and ACP enzymes. [59] Protective role of aqueous extract of stem and leaves of Tinospora cordifolia overcoming the toxic effects of lead is shown as its effects on the hematological values. [58] Cyclophosphamide (CP) an anti-cancer drug has been reported to reduce the GSH content in both bladder and liver and lowered levels of cytokines Inerferon-γ and IL-2 an increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. This effect could be reversed on Tinospora cordifolia treatment indicating the role of Tinospora cordifolia in overcoming CP induced toxicities in cancer treatment. [60]
Anti-arthritic, anti-osteoporotic effects
Single or synergistic formulations of Tinospora cordifolia with Zingiber officinale has been used in rheumatoid arthritis treatment in traditional medicine. [61] Tinospora cordifolia have been reported to affect the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of bone like matrix on osteoblast model systems in vitro and hence finds potential application as an anti-osteoporotic agent. Alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia have been shown to stimulate the growth of osteoblasts, increasing the differentiation of cells into osteoblastic lineage and also increasing the mineralization of bone like matrix. [62] Ecdysteroids isolated from the plant have been reported of protein anabolic and anti-osteoporotic effects in mammals. Beta-Ecdysone (Ecd) from Tinospora cordifolia extracts have been reported to induce a significant increase in the thickness of joint cartilage, induce the osteogenic differentiation in mouse mesenchymal stem cells [63] and to relieve osteoporosis in osteoporotic animal models. [63] Further 20-OH-β-Ecd isolated from Tinospora cordifolia has been reported of its anti-osteoporotic effects [62] thus highlighting the role of Tinospora cordifolia in the treatment of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. [64]
Anti-HIV effects
TCE has been shown to demonstrate a decrease in the recurrent resistance of HIV virus thus improving the therapeutic outcome. [65] Anti-HIV effects of TCE was revealed by reduction in eosinophil count, stimulation of B lymphocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes and hemoglobin percentage thus, revealing its promising role of application in management of the disease. [65],[66]
Anti-cancer effects
The anti-cancer effects of Tinospora cordifolia are mostly studied in animal models. TCE have been shown to have a radioprotective role by significantly increase in body weight, tissue weight, testes-body weight ratio and tubular diameter and inhibit the harmful effects of sub-lethal gamma radiation on testes in male Swiss albino mice. In pre-irradiating mice, TCE significantly affected radiation induced rise in lipid peroxidation and resulted in the decline of GSH concentration in testes. [67] Pre-treatment of HeLa cells by TCE have been shown to decrease the cell viability, increase LDH and decrease in GSH S-transferase activity. [68] Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in TCE has been reported to stimulate the growth and proliferation of Human LNCaP cells (which are androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma cells). Androgenic compounds in TCE act via androgen receptor. [69] Newly isolated compounds like (5R, 10R)-4R, 8R-dihydroxy-2S, 3R: 15, 16-diepoxycleroda-13 (16), 17, 12S: 18,1S-dilactone (ECD), a diterpenoid from Tinospora cordifolia has been reported for its chemopreventive potential in diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats by decreasing anti-oxidant activities via SOD, CAT and detoxification enzymes like GSH, GPx and subsequent increase in the activities of the hepatic markers ((Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)SGOT, (Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase) SGPT, LDH) and decreased serum transaminase level thus confirming its anti-tumor effects and promising application as a potent chemo preventive drug for HCC. [26]
The radiosensitizing activity of DCM extract of Tinospora cordifolia has been reported in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) mice enabling tumor-free survival via depletion of GSH and glutathione-S-transferase by elevated levels of lipid peroxidation and DNA damage to tumor cells. [9],[57],[70] TCE hexane fraction has been shown to block the G1 phase in EAC mice and cause apoptosis by the formation of apoptotic bodies, nuclear condensation, activation of caspase-3, decreased cell number and ascites volume, increased expression of pro-apoptotic gene, Bax, and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2. [71] TCE could induce a reduction of papillomas, tumor yield, tumor burden, and tumor weight while increase phase II detoxifying enzymes [72] in skin carcinoma animal models. The effect of a hydroalcoholic (80% ethanol: 20% distilled water) extract of aerial roots of Tinospora cordifolia on Swiss albino mice [73] revealed a significant increase in acid-soluble sulfhydryl (-SH), cytochrome P (450) contents, and enzyme activities of cytochrome P (450) reductase, cytochrome b5 reductase, GST, DT-diaphorase (DTD), SOD, catalase, GPX, and GR activity in the liver highlighting the chemopreventive role of Tinospora cordifolia against carcinogenicity. [73]
In vivo anti-angiogenic activity of TCE in B16-F10 melanoma was detected by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 β, IL-6, TNF-α, granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and the vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), increased production of anti-angiogenic agents IL -2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 (TIMP-1) in the B16-F10 extract-treated animals. [74] The polysaccharide fraction from Tinospora cordifolia was found to be very effective in reducing the metastatic potential of B16-F10 melanoma cells. Markers of neoplastic development were reduced significantly in the treated animals compared with the untreated control animals. [75]
Most of the synthetic chemotherapeutic agents suffer from toxic side effects. [76] The effect of Guduchi extracts was comparable or better than doxorubicin treatment. [77]
Tinospora cordifolia: Anti-microbial activity
The methanol extracts of Tinospora cordifolia have been reported to have potential against microbial infections. [78] The anti-bacterial activity of Tinospora cordifolia extracts has been assayed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogene, and Serratia marcesenses (Gram-positive bacteria). [78],[79],[80] In mice models, TCE has been reported to function in bacterial clearance and improved phagocytic and intracellular bactericidal capacities of neutrophils. [81] TCE has been reported of immunostimulant properties on macrophages. [82] Intra-mammary infusion of hydro-methanolic extracts of Tinospora cordifolia treatment showed enhanced phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells in bovine subclinical mastitis. [39],[83]
Tinospora cordifolia: Anti-oxidant activity
The anti-oxidant capacity of Tinospora cordifolia stem methanol extracts administered orally increased the erythrocytes membrane lipid peroxide and catalase activity. It also decreased the activities of SOD, GPx in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. [52],[84],[85] Tinospora cordifolia Willd.(Menispermaceae) extracts possess possible inhibitors of aldose reductase and anti-oxidant agents [86] thereby reducing chemotoxicity induced by free radicals. [87]
TCE has been reported of its strong free radical scavenging properties against superoxide anion (O2 - ), hydroxyl radicals (OH), NO radical, and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO - ). [87] The extract was also found to reduce the toxic side effects of CP in mice by the free radical formation. [88],[89] Tinospora cordifolia lowers the levels of malondialdehyde and ROS and the higher levels of GSH and total thiols. The protective effects of Tinospora cordifolia could be observed even in the fetal milieu, with higher levels of anti-oxidant molecules and enzymes. [56]
Tinospora cordifolia has the ability to scavenge free radicals generated during aflatoxicosis. Tinospora cordifolia showed protection against aflatoxin-induced nephrotoxicity due to the presence of alkaloids such as a choline, tinosporin, isocolumbin, palmatine, tetrahydropalmatine, and magnoflorine. [8] A significant increase in the concentration of TBARS in brain along with a decrease in heart has been observed in diabetic rats. [53] It also enhanced formation of SOD, GPx, and GSH in liver. Treatment with Tinospora cordifolia also inhibited glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1, 6-diphosphatase; and restored glycogen content in liver. Tinospora cordifolia has been shown to regulate blood glucose. [90]
(5R, 10R)-4R, 8R-dihydroxy-2S, 3R: 15, 16-diepoxycleroda-13 (16), 17, 12S: 18,1S-dilactone (ECD), a diterpenoid from Tinospora cordifolia has been shown to possess chemo-preventive potential in DEN induced HCC rats. Treatment of ECD in both preventive and curative DEN induced animals increased the level of anti-oxidants and detoxification enzymes. [26]
An aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia has a radio-protective enhancing the survival of mice against a sub-lethal dose of gamma radiation. [64],[65] Tinospora cordifolia was effective in elevating the GSH levels, expression of the gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase and Cu-Zn SOD genes. [91] Aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia inhibited radiation mediated 2-deoxyribose degradation by inhibiting the formation of (Fe 2+ )-bipiridyl complex formation to confer radio-protective effects. [92]
The arabinogalactan polysaccharide (TSP) isolated from Tinospora cordifolia showed good protection against iron-mediated lipid peroxidation of rat brain homogenate as revealed by the TBARS and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) assays. [42]
Tinospora cordifolia also has the components that decrease the recurrent resistance of HIV virus to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and improve the outcome of the therapy. [93] The effect of a hydroalcoholic (80% ethanol: 20% distilled water) extract of aerial roots of Tinospora cordifolia on carcinogen/drug metabolizing phase-I and phase-II enzymes, anti-oxidant enzymes, GSH content, LDH and lipid peroxidation has been shown in liver of Swiss albino mice. The enhanced GSH level and enzyme activities involved in xenobiotic metabolism and maintaining anti-oxidant status of cells are suggestive of a chemo-preventive efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia. [73]
Tinospora cordifolia has been reported to contain an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, characterized as saponarin (apigenin-6-C-glucosyl-7-O-glucoside). The leaf extract had appreciable anti-oxidant and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. [20] Pepticare, a herbomineral formulation of the Ayurveda medicine consisting of the herbal drugs: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Emblica officinalis and Tinospora cordifolia, has anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant activity in rats. [94]
Hyponidd is another herbomineral formulation composed of the extracts of 10 medicinal plants (Momordica charantia, Melia azadirachta, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia, Gymnema sylvestre, Enicostemma littorale, Emblica officinalis, Eugenia jambolana, Cassia auriculata and Curcuma longa). Hyponidd administration also decreased levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides, ceruloplasmin and alpha-tocopherol in diabetic rats. [95]
Anti-oxidant activities of Dihar, a polyherbal formulation containing drugs from eight different herbs viz., Syzygium cumini, Momordica charantia, Emblica officinalis, Gymnema sylvestre, Enicostemma littorale, Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia and Curcuma longa in streptozotocin induced type 1 diabetic rats. Dihar produced a significant decrease in serum creatinine and urea levels in diabetic rats. [7]
Tinospora cordifolia: Effects on other diseases
A dose dependent reduction in infarct size and in lipid peroxide levels of serum and heart tissue were observed with the prior treatment of Tinospora cordifolia. [96] The activation of macrophages by cytotoxic T cells leads to increase in GM-CSF which leads to leucocytosis and improved neutrophil function. [97] Octacosanol isolated from Tinospora cordifolia inhibits proliferation of endothelial cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, inhibits neovascularization induced by angiogenic factors in chick chorioallantoic membrane and rat cornea in vivo angiogenesis assays and also inhibits secretion of ascites fluid in the growing tumor cells in vivo[33] by inhibiting activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and translocation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) to nucleus. [33] Oral administration of 70% methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem reduces sperm motility and density, lowering of serum testosterone, protein, sialic acid, glycogen contents, and depletion of vesicular fructose of testes leading to reduction of male fertility in rats. [98] The in vivo administration of alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia has been reported to increase bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) in bearing Dalton's lymphoma (DL). [99] The polyherbal preparations Caps HT2 of Tinospora cordifolia, could reduce plasma recalcification time and enhanced the release of lipoprotein lipase enzyme., [78] Other polyherbal HP-1 has hepatocurative and anti-oxidant efects. [79]
| Discussions | | |
Tinospora cordifolia has an importance in traditional ayurvedic medicine used for ages in the treatment of fever, jaundice, chronic diarrhea, cancer, dysentery, bone fracture, pain, asthuma, skin disease, poisonous insect, snake bite, eye disorders. [2] Recent reports have shown the compounds and their biological roles in Tinospora cordifolia extract. Such properties [80] may be exploited for production of new formulations, which may be better and promising over conventional one. Although genetically diverse and reports of application of tissue culture based propagation of Tinospora exist, effective conservation strategies of the germplasm for such an economically important medicinal plant with many biological role remains yet to be accomplished.
| Conclusion | | |
A plant with as diverse a role as Tinospora cordifolia is a versatile resource for all forms of life. There are reports as already discussed that the plant extracts have active compounds in the form of alkaloids, glycosides, lactones and steroids. All these active compounds have immunomodulatory and physiological roles of different types, thereby demonstrating the diverse versatility of the plant. Studies need to be conducted with aspects how the active compounds actually interact with the living systems and affects the structure-function relationships. Crystal structures of the membrane bound receptors and the activation of the downstream signaling cascades and the changes in the immediate environment of the site of action can lead us into identification of novel perspectives into our understanding of nature. The search into the vivacious sources of nature can also lead us into differential interactions among the evolutionarily related groups of organisms. The future scope of the review remains in exploiting the biochemical and signaling pathways of the active components of Tinospora thus, enabling effective disease targeting. With so much to offer to the scientific world of medicine, the plant Tinosporia truly acts as an incredible source.
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[Figure 1]
[Table 1]
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Computationally approached inhibition potential of Tinospora cordifolia towards COVID-19 targets |
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| Sushovan Jena,Punnagai Munusami,Balamurali MM,Kaushik Chanda | | VirusDisease. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Computational Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitor in Tinospora cordifolia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Myristica fragrans |
|
| Viswajit Mulpuru,Nidhi Mishra | | VirusDisease. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
Tinospora cordifolia ameliorated titanium dioxide nanoparticle-induced toxicity via regulating oxidative stress-activated MAPK and NRF2/Keap1 signaling pathways in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) |
|
| Vadavanath Prabhakaran Vineetha,Pillai Devika,Krishnakumar Prasitha,Thapasimuthu Vijayamma Anilkumar | | Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology. 2021; 240: 108908 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Repurposing potential of Ayurvedic medicinal plants derived active principles against SARS-CoV-2 associated target proteins revealed by molecular docking, molecular dynamics and MM-PBSA studies |
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| Akalesh Kumar Verma,Vikas Kumar,Sweta Singh,Bhabesh Ch. Goswami,Ihosvany Camps,Aishwarya Sekar,Sanghwa Yoon,Keun Woo Lee | | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021; 137: 111356 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Repeated dose treatment of Tinospora cordifolia polysaccharide rich extract activates splenic antigen presenting cells with no associated organ toxicity |
|
| Kavitha Premkumar,Prayag J. Amin,Vipul K. Pandey,Poonam Yadav,Bhavani S. Shankar | | Phytomedicine Plus. 2021; : 100065 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: Protection mechanisms and strategies against oxidative stress-related diseases |
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| Karuppusamy Arunachalam,Xuefei Yang,Thae Thae San | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021; : 114540 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Experimental and quantum chemical investigation of bio-fuels/lubricants for its oxidative stability |
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| Sneha. E,G. V. S. Karthik,Ananthan.D. Thampi,Abhijith krishna,Amjesh Revikumar,Rani. S | | Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2021; : 117292 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Comparative Retrospective Open-label Study of Ayurvedic Medicines and Their Combination with Allopathic Drugs on Asymptomatic and Mildly-symptomatic COVID-19 Patients |
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| Acharya Balkrishna,Aarti Ben Bhatt,Pratima Singh,Swati Haldar,Anurag Varshney | | Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2021; : 100472 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
Tinospora Cordifolia and Arabinogalactan in combination modulates benzo(a)pyrene-induced genotoxicity during lung carcinogenesis |
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| Yongli Chang, Diancui Zhang, Junxia Cui, Anshoo Malhotra | | Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Repurposing of the herbal formulations: molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies to validate the efficacy of phytocompounds against SARS-CoV-2 proteins |
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| Chinmayi Joshi,Armi Chaudhari,Chaitanya Joshi,Madhvi Joshi,Snehal Bagatharia | | Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Nephroprotective role of nanoencapsulated
Tinospora cordifolia
(Willd.) using polylactic acid nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy rats |
|
| Ragavee Ambalavanan,Arul Daniel John,Asha Devi Selvaraj | | IET Nanobiotechnology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (Giloy) inhibits oral cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis and attenuating epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
|
| Shankargouda Patil,Heba Ashi,Jagadish Hosmani,Abdulrahman Yahya Almalki,Yaser Ali Alhazmi,Shazia Mushtaq,Sameena Parveen,Hosam Ali Baeshen,Saranya Varadarajan,A. Thirumal Raj,Vikrant R Patil,Nishant Vyas | | Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Tinospora cordifolia and arabinogalactan exert chemopreventive action during benzo(a)pyrene-induced pulmonary carcinogenesis: studies on ultrastructural, molecular, and biochemical alterations |
|
| Yawei Dou,Fangling Tu,Yan Wu,Xiaodong Wang,Guannan Lu,Long Zhao | | European Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2021; 30(1): 21 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Potent anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity of some bioactive molecules of Indian ethnomedicinal plants that have the potential to enter in TB management |
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| A. Sarangi,B.S. Das,G. Patnaik,S. Sarkar,M. Debnath,M. Mohan,D. Bhattacharya | | Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Molecular Docking Analysis of the Phytochemicals from Tinospora Cordifolia as Potential Inhibitor Against Multi Targeted SARS-CoV-2 & Cytokine Storm |
|
| Debadash Panigrahi | | Journal of Computational Biophysics and Chemistry. 2021; 20(06): 559 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Ayurveda botanicals in COVID-19 management: An in silico multi-target approach |
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| Swapnil Borse,Manali Joshi,Akash Saggam,Vedika Bhat,Safal Walia,Aniket Marathe,Sneha Sagar,Preeti Chavan-Gautam,Aboli Girme,Lal Hingorani,Girish Tillu,Israel Silman | | PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(6): e0248479 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Emergence of Ethnomedical COVID-19 Treatment: A Literature Review |
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| Kevin Aprilio,Gofarana Wilar | | Infection and Drug Resistance. 2021; Volume 14: 4277 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Prospective Application of Nanoparticles Green Synthesized Using Medicinal Plant Extracts as Novel Nanomedicines |
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| Rajendran K Selvakesavan,Gregory Franklin | | Nanotechnology, Science and Applications. 2021; Volume 14: 179 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
The use of medicinal plants to prevent COVID-19 in Nepal |
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| Dipak Khadka,Man Kumar Dhamala,Feifei Li,Prakash Chandra Aryal,Pappu Rana Magar,Sijar Bhatta,Manju Shree Thakur,Anup Basnet,Dafang Cui,Shi Shi | | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2021; 17(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
Computational Technique for Effectiveness of Treatments Used in Curing SARS-CoV-2 |
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| Wael Alosaimi, Rajeev Kumar, Abdullah Alharbi, Hashem Alyami, Alka Agrawal, Gaurav Kaithwas, Sanjay Singh, Raees Ahmad Khan | | Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing. 2021; 28(3): 617 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Tailoring Scaffolds for Orthopedic Application With Anti-Microbial Properties: Current Scenario and Future Prospects |
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| A. Preethi,Jayesh R. Bellare | | Frontiers in Materials. 2021; 7 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
POTENTIAL PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR COMBATING AGAINST CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS-2) - A REVIEW |
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| CHANDRASEKAR R,SIVAGAMI B,SATHEESH KUMAR G | | Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2021; : 8 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Carbon dots from an immunomodulatory plant for cancer cell imaging, free radical scavenging and metal sensing applications |
|
| Debadatta Mohapatra,Md. Bayazeed Alam,Vivek Pandey,Ravi Pratap,Pawan K Dubey,Avanish S Parmar,Alakh N Sahu | | Nanomedicine. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Natural Products, a Potential Therapeutic Modality in Management and Treatment of nCoV-19 Infection: Preclinical and Clinical Based Evidence |
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| Ashif Iqubal, Mohammad K. Iqubal, Musheer Ahmed, Syed E. Haque | | Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2021; 27(9): 1153 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
A Review on Natural Products and Herbs Used in the Management of Diabetes |
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| Deepshikha Patle, Manish Vyas, Gopal L. Khatik | | Current Diabetes Reviews. 2021; 17(2): 186 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Bioactives in Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Exploiting Combinatorial Effects |
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| Sunil C. Gurumallu,Rajesha Javaraiah | | Current Bioactive Compounds. 2021; 17(4): 299 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Potential Application of an Aqueous Extract of Tinospora Cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (Giloy) in Oral Submucous Fibrosis—An In Vitro Study |
|
| Shankargouda Patil | | Materials. 2021; 14(12): 3374 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
Therapeutic Promises of Medicinal Plants in Bangladesh and Their Bioactive Compounds against Ulcers and Inflammatory Diseases |
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| Sheikh Rashel Ahmed,Muhammad Fazle Rabbee,Anindita Roy,Rocky Chowdhury,Anik Banik,Khadizatul Kubra,Mohammed Mehadi Hassan Chowdhury,Kwang-Hyun Baek | | Plants. 2021; 10(7): 1348 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 63 |
In-Vitro a-amylase, a-glucosidase Inhibitory Activities and In-Vivo Anti-Hyperglycemic Potential of Different Dosage Forms of Guduchi (Tinospora Cordifolia [Willd.] Miers) Prepared With Ayurvedic Bhavana Process |
|
| Rohit Sharma,Rajesh Bolleddu,Jayanta K. Maji,Galib Ruknuddin,Pradeep K. Prajapati | | Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 64 |
Antiviral and Immunity-modulating Natural Herbs in the Prevention of COVID-19 |
|
| Sonali S Gadge | | Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2021; : 81 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
CLINICAL STUDIES ON MILD POST COVID SYNDROME WITH iWALL TABLET |
|
| Naringe Yogendra Seema | | International Ayurvedic Medical Journal. 2021; p5(02): 2714 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 66 |
AYURVEDIC IMMUNOMODULATION THERAPY IN POST COVID CARE W.S.R TO PCFS SCALE-A SINGLE CASE REPORT |
|
| Sonal D. Wankhede,Nitesh K. Kamble,Kavita Khond | | International Ayurvedic Medical Journal. 2021; 09(3): 690 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 67 |
Biochemical and Computational Approach of Selected Phytocompounds from Tinospora crispa in the Management of COVID-19 |
|
| Ahmed Rakib,Arkajyoti Paul,Md. Nazim Uddin Chy,Saad Ahmed Sami,Sumit Kumar Baral,Mohuya Majumder,Abu Montakim Tareq,Mohammad Nurul Amin,Asif Shahriar,Md. Zia Uddin,Mycal Dutta,Trina Ekawati Tallei,Talha Bin Emran,Jesus Simal-Gandara | | Molecules. 2020; 25(17): 3936 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 68 |
Herbal Decoction Divya-Peedantak-Kwath Alleviates Allodynia and Hyperalgesia in Mice Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy via Modulation in Cytokine Response |
|
| Acharya Balkrishna,Sachin S. Sakat,Shadrak Karumuri,Hoshiyar Singh,Meenu Tomer,Ajay Kumar,Niti Sharma,Pradeep Nain,Swati Haldar,Anurag Varshney | | Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020; 11 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 69 |
Nonirritant and Cytocompatible Tinospora cordifolia Nanoparticles for Topical Antioxidant Treatments |
|
| Jeimmy González-Masís,Jorge M. Cubero-Sesin,Yendry Regina Corrales-Ureña,Sara González-Camacho,Nohelia Mora-Ugalde,José Roberto Vega-Baudrit,Klaus Rischka,Virendra Verma,Rodolfo J. Gonzalez-Paz | | International Journal of Biomaterials. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 70 |
Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Thai Herbal Formulation-6 in the Treatment of Symptomatic Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Randomized-Controlled Trial |
|
| Nut Koonrungsesomboon,Saowaros Nopnithipat,Supanimit Teekachunhatean,Natthakarn Chiranthanut,Chaichan Sangdee,Sunee Chansakaow,Pramote Tipduangta,Nutthiya Hanprasertpong,Arham Shabbir | | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 71 |
Plant Extracts and Isolated Compounds Reduce Parameters of Oxidative Stress Induced by Heavy Metals: An up-to-Date Review on Animal Studies |
|
| Ivana Mirkov,Dejan Stojkovic,Aleksandra P. Aleksandrov,Marija Ivanov,Marina Kostic,Jasmina Glamoclija,Marina Sokovic | | Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2020; 26(16): 1799 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 72 |
Molecular Targets from Traditional Medicines for Neuroprotection in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases |
|
| Sayali Chandrashekhar Deolankar,Prashant Kumar Modi,Yashwanth Subbannayya,Ravishankar Pervaje,Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad | | OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 73 |
Isolation and characterization of Alternaria GFAV15, an endophytic fungus from green fruit of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers from semi-arid region |
|
| Veena Yadav,Anuradha Singh,Nupur Mathur,Ruchika Yadav | | South African Journal of Botany. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 74 |
Tinospora cordifolia protects from skeletal muscle atrophy by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation induced by sciatic denervation |
|
| Bhawana Sharma,Vikas Dutt,Nirmaljeet Kaur,Ashwani Mittal,Rajesh Dabur | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2020; : 112720 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 75 |
From Ayurvedic folk medicine to preclinical neurotherapeutic role of a miraculous herb, Tinospora cordifolia |
|
| Anuradha Sharma,Payal Bajaj,Anmol Bhandari,Gurcharan Kaur | | Neurochemistry International. 2020; : 104891 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 76 |
Orthobiologics with phytobioactive cues: A paradigm in bone regeneration |
|
| Prerna Singh,Archita Gupta,Irfan Qayoom,Sneha Singh,Ashok Kumar | | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2020; 130: 110754 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 77 |
Estimation of genetic diversity and population structure in Tinospora cordifolia using SSR markers |
|
| Suchita Lade,Veena Pande,Tikam Singh Rana,Hemant Kumar Yadav | | 3 Biotech. 2020; 10(7) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 78 |
In situ generation of silver and silver oxide nanoparticles on cotton fabrics using Tinospora cordifolia as bio reductant |
|
| Venkata Ramanamurthy Gollapudi,Umamahesh Mallavarapu,Jaswanth Seetha,Prasad Akepogu,Venkateswara Rao Amara,Hariram Natarajan,Varadarajulu Anumakonda | | SN Applied Sciences. 2020; 2(3) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 79 |
Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: Pharmacology of stress- and aging-related diseases |
|
| Alexander G. Panossian,Thomas Efferth,Alexander N. Shikov,Olga N. Pozharitskaya,Kenny Kuchta,Pulok K. Mukherjee,Subhadip Banerjee,Michael Heinrich,Wanying Wu,De-an Guo,Hildebert Wagner | | Medicinal Research Reviews. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 80 |
Phytoremedial effect of Tinospora cordifolia against arsenic induced toxicity in Charles Foster rats |
|
| Vikas Kumar,Vivek Akhouri,Sushil Kumar Singh,Arun Kumar | | BioMetals. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 81 |
Tinospora cordifolia
preserves pancreatic beta cells and enhances glucose uptake in adipocytes to regulate glucose metabolism in diabetic rats |
|
| Bhesh Raj Sharma,Chul Min Park,Hyeon-A Kim,Hyun Jung Kim,Dong Young Rhyu | | Phytotherapy Research. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 82 |
Butanol Extract of Tinospora cordifolia Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits Associated with Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity: A Mechanistic Study Using Hippocampal Neurons |
|
| Anuradha Sharma,Shikha Kalotra,Payal Bajaj,Harpal Singh,Gurcharan Kaur | | NeuroMolecular Medicine. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 83 |
Medico-Religious Plants Employed in Mauritius: A Survey Among Hindu Priests |
|
| Krishnand Luximon,Uddhav Sreekeessoon,Shanoo Suroowan,Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally | | Journal of Religion and Health. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 84 |
The chemical constituents and diverse pharmacological importance of Tinospora cordifolia |
|
| Priyanka Sharma,Bharat P. Dwivedee,Dheeraj Bisht,Ashutosh K. Dash,Deepak Kumar | | Heliyon. 2019; 5(9): e02437 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 85 |
Synergistic effect of cellulose nanofibres and bio- extracts for fabricating high strength sodium alginate based composite bio-sponges with antibacterial properties |
|
| Chandravati Yadav,Pradip K. Maji | | Carbohydrate Polymers. 2019; 203: 396 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 86 |
Medicinal plants commonly used against cancer in traditional medicine formulae in Sri Lanka |
|
| Anchala I. Kuruppu,Priyani Paranagama,Charitha L. Goonasekara | | Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 87 |
Fabrication of natural-origin antibacterial nanocellulose films using bio-extracts for potential use in biomedical industry |
|
| Chhavi Sharma,Nishi K. Bhardwaj | | International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 88 |
Effect of Tinospora cordifolia-Derived Phytocomponents on Cancer: A Systematic Review |
|
| Babji Deepa,Harsha Babaji,Jagadish Hosmani,Abdul Alamir,Shazia Mushtaq,A. Raj,Shankargouda Patil | | Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(23): 5147 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 89 |
Natural products: a hope for glioblastoma patients |
|
| Raghupathy Vengoji,Muzafar A. Macha,Surinder K. Batra,Nicole A. Shonka | | Oncotarget. 2018; 9(31): 22194 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 90 |
Tinospora cordifolia as a potential neuroregenerative candidate against glutamate induced excitotoxicity: an in vitro perspective |
|
| Anuradha Sharma,Gurcharan Kaur | | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018; 18(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 91 |
Medicinal plants with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity |
|
| Sita Sharan Patel,Ramsaneh Raghuwanshi,Misha Masood,Ashish Acharya,Surendra Kumar Jain | | Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2018; 29(5): 491 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 92 |
Herbal Medicines and Reactivation of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection |
|
| Cyriac Abby Philips,Philip Augustine,Guruprasad Padsalgi | | Hepatitis Monthly. 2018; In Press(In Press) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 93 |
Humoral immune and adjuvant responses of mucosally-administered Tinospora cordifolia immunomodulatory protein in BALB/c mice |
|
| Ivan Aranha,Yeldur P. Venkatesh | | Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 94 |
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of an Ayurvedic Botanical Formulation in Reducing Menopausal Symptoms in Otherwise Healthy Women |
|
| E. Steels,M. Steele,M. Harold,L. Adams,S. Coulson | | Journal of Herbal Medicine. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 95 |
Intracellular ROS generated in chikungunya patients with persisting polyarthralgia can be reduced by Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract |
|
| Nilotpal Banerjee,Bibhuti Saha,Sumi Mukhopadhyay | | VirusDisease. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 96 |
Antiviral compound screening, peptide designing, and protein network construction of influenza a virus (strain a/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1) |
|
| Surovi Saikia,Manobjyoti Bordoloi,Rajeev Sarmah,Bhaskor Kolita | | Drug Development Research. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 97 |
Oxidative-protective effects of Tinospora cordifolia extract on plasma and spleen cells after experimental ochratoxicosis |
|
| Yanka Karamalakova,Galina Nikolova,Manish Adhikari,Stoycho Stoev,Prerna Agarwal,Veselina Gadjeva,Zhivko Zhelev | | Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 98 |
Green Synthesis of Colloidal Copper Nanoparticles Capped with Tinospora cordifolia and Its Application in Catalytic Degradation in Textile Dye: An Ecologically Sound Approach |
|
| Prashansa Sharma,Suman Pant,Preeti Poonia,Smita Kumari,Vivek Dave,Swapnil Sharma | | Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 99 |
Highly efficient biosorptive removal of lead from industrial effluent |
|
| Kajal Sao,Madhurima Pandey,Piyush Kant Pandey,Fahmida Khan | | Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 100 |
Ethnomedicine based evaluation of osteoprotective properties of Tinospora cordifolia on in vitro and in vivo model systems |
|
| G. Abiramasundari,C.M. Mohan Gowda,G. Pampapathi,Sheela Praveen,S. Shivamurugan,M. Vijaykumar,A. Devi,M. Sreepriya | | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2017; 87: 342 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 101 |
Immune-Stimulatory and Therapeutic Activity of Tinospora cordifolia: Double-Edged Sword against Salmonellosis |
|
| Sultan Alsuhaibani,Masood A. Khan | | Journal of Immunology Research. 2017; 2017: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 102 |
Tinospora cordifolia: The Antimicrobial Property of the Leaves of Amruthaballi |
|
| Kanthesh M Basalingappa | | Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access. 2017; 5(5) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 103 |
Comparative Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Tinospora cordifolia |
|
| Arjun Patra, Richa Pathela, Swaha Satpathy | | Global Journal Of Botanical Science. 2016; 4(1): 7 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 104 |
Antioxidant and in vivo genoprotective effects of phenolic compounds identified from an endophytic Cladosporium velox and their relationship with its host plant Tinospora cordifolia |
|
| Bahaderjeet Singh,Prince Sharma,Arun Kumar,Pooja Chadha,Ramandeep Kaur,Amarjeet Kaur | | Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2016; 194: 450 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 105 |
Purification and characterization of RGA2, a Rho2 GTPase-activating protein from Tinospora cordifolia |
|
| Mohd. Amir,Mohammad Aasif Dar,Mohammad Aasif Wahiduzzaman,Asimul Islam,Faizan Ahmad,Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan | | 3 Biotech. 2016; 6(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 106 |
Octacosanol Enhances the Proliferation and Migration of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells via Activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk Pathways |
|
| Yu-Wei Liu,Pei-Yuan Zuo,Xiang-Nan Zha,Xing-Lin Chen,Rong Zhang,Xiao-Xiao He,Cheng-Yun Liu | | Lipids. 2015; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 107 |
In vivo and in vitro histological localization of endophytic fungi in Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F. & Thomas |
|
| Yash Mishra,Jitendra Mittal,Abhijeet Singh,Amla Batra,Madan Mohan Sharma | | Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 2015; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 108 |
Purification and characterization of Ras related protein, Rab5a from Tinospora cordifolia |
|
| Mohd. Amir,Mohd. Wahiduzzaman,Mohammad Aasif Dar,Md. Anzarul Haque,Asimul Islam,Faizan Ahmad,Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan | | International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2015; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 109 |
The Effect of a Complex Multi-modality Ayurvedic Treatment in a Case of Unknown Female Infertility |
|
| Christian Kessler, Elmar Stapelfeldt, Andreas Michalsen, Ingrid Kowalcek, Ludwig Kronpaß, Anand Dhruva | | Complementary Medicine Research. 2015; 22(4): 251 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 110 |
Tinospora cordifolia inhibits autoimmune arthritis by regulating key immune mediators of inflammation and bone damage |
|
| KM Sannegowda,SH Venkatesha,KD Moudgil | | International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 2015; 28(4): 521 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 111 |
Effect of Botanical Immunomodulators on Human CYP3A4 Inhibition |
|
| Dada Patil,Manish Gautam,Sunil Gairola,Suresh Jadhav,Bhushan Patwardhan | | Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2014; 13(2): 167 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 112 |
Remarks on "Tinospora cordifolia: One plant, many roles" |
|
| Rohit Sharma,Rohit Galib,PK Prajapati | | Ancient Science of Life. 2014; 33(3): 192 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 113 |
Ethanolic extracts ofTinospora cordifoliaandAlstonia scholarisshow antimicrobial activity towards clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant and carbapenemase-producing bacteria |
|
| Francesca Bonvicini,Manuela Mandrone,Fabiana Antognoni,Ferruccio Poli,Giovanna Angela Gentilomi | | Natural Product Research. 2014; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 114 |
Antimalarial potential of kolaviron, a biflavonoid from Garcinia kola seeds, against Plasmodium berghei infection in Swiss albino mice |
|
| Adaramoye Oluwatosin,Akinpelu Tolulope,Kosoko Ayokulehin,Okorie Patricia,Kehinde Aderemi,Falade Catherine,Ademowo Olusegun | | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2014; 7(2): 97 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 115 |
Tinospora cordifolia Induces Differentiation and Senescence Pathways in Neuroblastoma Cells |
|
| Rachana Mishra,Gurcharan Kaur | | Molecular Neurobiology. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 116 |
Do plants mediate their anti-diabetic effects through anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic actions? an in vitro assay of 3 Indian medicinal plants |
|
| Samidha A Kalekar,Renuka P Munshi,Urmila M Thatte | | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013; 13(1): 257 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 117 |
Aqueous Ethanolic Extract of Tinospora cordifolia as a Potential Candidate for Differentiation Based Therapy of Glioblastomas |
|
| Rachana Mishra,Gurcharan Kaur,Joseph Najbauer | | PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(10): e78764 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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